Specialized sports skills include

There is currently no uniform classification standard for specialized sports skills across the industry. Under the general classification logic of the two mainstream fields of domestic physical education and competitive training, it mainly covers four categories: special technical movements, special cognitive abilities, special tactical literacy, and special psychological adjustment abilities. However, the boundaries and classification logics of different schools are quite different, and overlaps often occur in practical operations. There is no need to stick to standard answers.

The most well-known ones are definitely the special technical movements. To put it bluntly, they are the standardized movements exclusive to this project: basketball's emergency stop jump shot, football's curve ball shot, swimming's tumble and turn, and weightlifting's clean and jerk, which are all the most basic technical modules. Most youth training coaches at the grassroots level divide skills into "single skills" and "combination skills." For example, badminton's forehand high and long shots are a single skill, and connecting high and long shots before hanging the net and then connecting with consecutive smashes is a combination skill. When practicing, you must first pick out the standards individually, and then string them together to practice continuity. However, in the "Sports Training" textbook commonly used by sports colleges, combination techniques are often classified as basic tactical modules. This is actually the first point of controversy: academics pay more attention to the attributes of ability, and feel that combination techniques already have tactical intentions and are not considered pure techniques. ； First-line coaches pay more attention to the order of training. No matter where they go, they have to practice in this order. There is no point in fighting for this.

Don't think that you have mastered special skills just because you can do standard movements. I led the basketball team of my unit to play in the city's amateur league two years ago. There was a young man in the team who had just graduated. He usually practiced crotch changes and step-back jump shots more smoothly than the substitute players in the CBA. He was confused as soon as he came on the court. His teammates ran out of space and couldn't be seen. The defender panicked and passed the ball to the wrong person. He averaged more turnovers than points in three games. This is the lack of special cognitive ability. The mysterious point is what is often called "ball intelligence", "water sense" and "car sense". When put into specific events, it is your instinctive perception of the rules of the event: a football forward can judge the defender's gap by looking up at the glance, a table tennis player can tell whether to hit diagonally or in a straight line by looking at the angle of the opponent's shot, a marathon runner can tell whether today's pace is stable after taking two steps, and even rock climbers can roughly judge which points can be stepped on and which points are easy to slide by looking at the rock wall. Whether this ability can be considered an independent specialized skill has been debated in the industry for many years: most academics believe that this is an extension of general cognitive ability in special fields, and there is no need to list it separately. ； Almost all first-line coaches regard it as a core competency. After all, technology can be practiced. People with poor "project sense" will not be able to play high-level games after practicing to death. Who knows how important this is is who does it.

When it comes to playing games, special tactical literacy cannot be avoided. Many people think that tactics are just the running positions drawn by the coach before the game. In fact, this is far from the case: cross-country runners study the altitude distribution of the route before the game and know which slopes should be slower and which downhills should be rushed. This is tactics. ； It is a tactic for a weightlifter to adjust the order of his attempts based on his opponent's starting weight. ； Even for an intellectual sport like Go, knowing when to abandon your rook and save your commander is also a tactic. The classification of this part is also controversial. Some training systems will merge tactics and cognitive abilities. After all, you must first be able to judge the situation on the field before you can execute tactics. Separating them will lead to fragmentation. ； Some will also split tactics into individual tactics and team tactics, and assign each to different training modules. The core depends on what dimensions you use to divide them. There is no absolute right or wrong.

There is another module that is easily overlooked by ordinary enthusiasts, which is the special psychological adjustment ability. I have talked with the team doctor of the provincial team’s shooting team before. There is a young player who usually trains ten shots and consistently scores more than 98 points. As soon as the official competition comes, his palms are all sweaty, his finger on the trigger is shaking, and he can’t even make the top eight. This is a typical lack of special psychological ability. Different sports have completely different psychological requirements: shooting requires extreme silence. No matter how noisy the people around you are, or how close the score is, you must be able to hold it steady. ； What you need in short track speed skating is the courage to fight hard, the courage to overtake even if your opponent squeezes you into the outer lane, and the courage to get up and chase after you are knocked down. ； Even for an intellectual sport like Go, one must have the mentality of being half an eye behind and still able to finish with composure. There is debate as to whether this part of the skill counts as a specialized skill. There is a school of thought in the field of sports psychology that stress resistance and emotional regulation skills are universal and can be used in any sport. However, front-line coaches don’t agree. It’s useless if a method of stabilizing one’s mentality for practicing shooting is used for training short-track speed skating. Different sports have completely different sources of psychological pressure and require psychological characteristics. Of course, they are considered specialized abilities.

I have been engaged in youth sports training for almost 8 years. To be honest, ordinary enthusiasts have no need to worry about whether these classifications are accurate. If you are practicing basketball, don’t just practice dribbling. Play twice more. Think more about your teammates’ movements. If you lose, don’t throw things and scold your teammates. Play it safe next time. ； If you're learning to swim, don't just focus on standard movements. Swim long distances a few more times to find your own pace. Don't panic when you hear the sound of the people next to you fetching water during the competition. By the end of the training, when the skills, consciousness, tactics, and mentality are all in place, special abilities will naturally improve, which is much more useful than picking out these classification terms.